Thermally switchable optical devices

ABSTRACT

Devices that comprise novel, mesoscopically periodic materials that combine  crystalline colloidal array (CCA) self-assembly with the temperature  ined volume phase transitions of various materials, preferably poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) are disclosed. In one embodiment, a PNIPAM CCA is formed in an aqueous media and contained within cell means. In another embodiment, a CCA of charged particles is formed and polymerized in a PNIPAM hydrogel. Methods for making these devices are also disclosed. The devices of the present invention are useful in many applications including, for example, optical switches, optical limiters, optical filters, display devices and processing elements. The devices are further useful as membrane filters. All of these devices have the feature of being tunable in response to temperature. Devices that change diffracted wavelength in response to pressure are also disclosed.

This invention was made with government support under Office of NavalResearch Grant No. N00014-94-1-0592 and University of PittsburghMaterial Research Center through the Air Force Office of ScientificResearch Grant No. AFOSR-91-0441. The government has certain rights inthe invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to optical devices and methodsfor making the same. More specifically, the present invention relates tonovel, mesoscopically periodic materials that combine crystallinecolloidal array (CCA) self-assembly with the temperature induced volumephase transitions of materials that undergo a volume change in responseto temperature changes. These materials are used to create tunableoptical devices such as optical switches, optical limiters and opticalfilters that select and/or reject predetermined wavelengths of light. Inaddition, these materials can be used to create various display devicesand processing elements as well as filtering devices whose pore sizescan be varied.

2. Background Art

Charged colloidal particles, when suspended in water, form a stabledispersion due to interparticle coulomb repulsion forces. The propertyof structural ordering in such dispersions has been exploited in makingdevices such as narrow band optical rejection filters. The orderingphenomena in such colloidal suspensions has been useful in spectroscopyand Bragg diffraction techniques. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.4,627,689. It has been found that mesoscopic, crystalline structures canhave many practical applications as optical filters in military, space,medical and research uses. In many such instances, it is necessary ordesirable to filter narrow bands of selected wavelengths from a broaderspectrum of incident radiation.

Asher, U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,689 discloses a linear crystalline colloidalnarrow band radiation filter which is made by forming a highly orderedcrystalline colloidal structure within a container. The crystallinecolloidal structure is formed by dispersing the ionized particles, forexample, polystyrene particles, within an appropriate solvent.

A related disclosure was made in Asher, U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,517. Thatpatent discloses another crystalline colloidal narrow band radiationfilter application which forms the basis for a mechanically simple andhighly efficient monochromator. It has application in improved systemsfor investigating Raman or emission spectra of selected samplematerials. Both of the aforementioned patents disclose structures thatcan be used to diffract a narrow band of radiation from a broader bandof radiation.

A solid filter and method of making a solid filter from an ordereddispersion of particles within a medium is disclosed in Asher, U.S. Pat.No. 5,281,370. That patent discloses a filter which is capable of Braggdiffracting narrow bands of radiation. It is a solid filter which hasmany practical applications.

Other filtering devices are also known. For example, U.S. Pat. No.4,803,688 discloses the use of an ordered colloidal suspension for anoptical device.

An optical filter was also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,473. Thefilter comprises a first substance substantially transparent to lightwithin a select frequency range and having a first index of refraction.The filter also includes a second substance which has at least oneresonance frequency within the first frequency range and a second indexof refraction which is substantially the same as the first index ofrefraction at all of the frequencies within the first frequency rangeexcept for frequencies near the resonance frequency. This device isbased upon resonance scattering by a disordered sample. The device isonly a passive device meaning that the index of refraction is notconsidered to depend upon the incident intensity or time.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,597 discloses a device which is capable of acting asa nonlinear absorber of substantially all radiant energy in excess of apredetermined intensity. The mechanism utilized by the device isdistinct from that of the present invention.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,832,466 discloses an optical element including amodulating liquid layer composed of a solvent containing a solublepolymer. The device requires polymers to precipitate from solution dueto temperature changes. This is not required by the present invention.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,648,686 discloses an optical switch array which utilizesthe temperature dependent characteristics of the index of refraction ofa crystalline material, however, the device is limited to being used forswitching in a waveguide. Other switches for use in waveguides weredisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,362 and 4,938,557.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,268,413 discloses devices having the property ofreversibly variable temperature-light absorbance. The device is said tobe usable in temperature-measuring devices, slippery ice warning devicesand the like.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,123 discloses a nonlinear optical device and methodfor making the same. The method includes making a solid or crystallinecolloidal ordered dispersion of charged particles within a medium andintroducing into the particles or the medium a radiation responsivecomponent which, when impinged with radiation at a critical density,causes a change in the refractive index of the particles in either theordered dispersion, the medium or both.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,368,781 and 5,266,238 are directed to tunable, narrowband radiation filters comprising a crystalline colloidal array ofcharged particles fixed in a hydrogel film. Methods for filteringincident radiation using these filters are also disclosed.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,355 is directed to a non-linear optical mediumhaving a "host" thermoplastic polymer which contains a "guest" organiccomponent; the organic component has a charge asymmetric electronicstructure and exhibits non-linear optical response.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,330,685, 5,338,492 and 5,342,552 are all directed tonarrow band radiation filters comprising a CCA of charged particles in apolymeric hydrogel.

None of the above patents disclose the unique devices of the presentinvention. There remains a need, therefore, for optical devices thatdiffract a narrow predetermined wavelength band and are easily tunablein terms of diffraction efficiency and the wavelength region diffracted.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other needs are satisfied by the present invention whichprovides optical devices useful as optical switches, optical limitersand/or optical filters that are responsive to changes in temperature."Optical switch" as used herein refers to an optical device thatdiffracts a particular wavelength of light weakly at one temperature andstrongly at another temperature; such a device is therefore "switched"off or on by changing the temperature. "Optical filter" as used hereinrefers to an optical device that allows all light but that of a givenwavelength to pass through; the diffracted wavelength can be changed ortuned by changing the temperature. "Optical limiter" as used hereinrefers to an optical device that allows transmission of radiation belowa certain threshold intensity, but transmission decreases at higherlight intensities. The term "band" of wavelengths will be understood bythose in the art to refer to a span of wavelengths. This band can benarrow, with a width of less than one nanometer, or broad, encompassingmany nanometers.

The devices of the present invention function to selectively andeffectively diffract a narrow band of wavelengths from a broaderspectrum of incident radiation while transmitting adjacent wavelengthsto a high degree. For example, the optical devices of the presentinvention can filter out greater than about 99 to 99.9% of a wavelengthband of about 20 to 500 Å while transmitting more than about 70 to 90%of the intensity of remaining wavelengths.

Methods for making these optical devices are also disclosed. Generallythese methods involve creating a crystalline colloidal array, which areformed by electrical repulsive forces between particles which each havea charge of the same polarity. These particles self assemble to form thecrystalline colloidal arrays (CCA) of the present invention. Oneembodiment of the present invention is directed to a CCA ofpoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) particles in water, containedwithin a cell. Another embodiment of the present invention is directedto a CCA of polystyrene or other charged particles embedded in a PNIPAMgel. Other materials that undergo a volume phase transition in responseto temperature changes can also be used, such aspoly(N-tert-butylacrylamide).

The optical devices of this invention can form the basis formechanically simple and highly efficient optical switches, opticallimiters, optical filters and tunable optical filters useful in manyapplications including, but not limited to, light shutters, opticalcomputers, sensor protection in scientific and medical instrumentation,eye protection for laser welding, display devices, computer applicationsand laser applications such as laser surgery. The devices are alsouseful for many military applications. Overall, the devices can be usedwith any product in which the disclosed radiation filteringcharacteristics are desirable. In addition, the present technology canbe used to create efficient membrane filters for size separation.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an optical switchingdevice which can operate to Bragg diffract certain wavelength bands ofincident light.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an opticalswitching device that increases or decreases diffraction intensity inresponse to temperature changes.

It is another object of the invention to provide a device that functionsas an optical limiter.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an optical switch oran optical limiter that operates to block transmittance of wavelengthsof radiation within several microseconds or in longer or shorterperiods, if desired.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of creatingan optical device that can effectively filter 99% of the incidentradiation.

It is another object of the invention to provide such a method anddevice that are adapted to be employed in the optical limiterembodiments or in the optical switch embodiments.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an opticaldevice that filters a narrow band of wavelengths from a broader spectrumof incident radiation while transmitting adjacent wavelengths to a highdegree.

It is a further object of the invention to provide such an opticalfilter that can be tunable across the UV, visible and IR spectrum inresponse to temperature.

It is another object of the invention to provide devices that can beused in display devices and computer applications.

Another object of the invention is to provide devices useful aswavelength tunable mirrors.

A further object of the invention is to provide devices useful for thefiltering of particles; this device can be used as a membrane filterwhose pore size is adjusted in response to temperature changes.

These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understoodfrom the following description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 demonstrates the temperature dependence of the diameter andturbidity of a disordered suspension of PNIPAM colloid as determined bythe methods of Example 2.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of colloidal particles dispersedwithin a medium which particles have undergone self-assembly to form aCCA in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the diffraction from a CCA of PNIPAM at 10°C. and at 40° C. as determined according to the methods of Example 3.

FIG. 4. is a graph depicting the temperature tuning of Bragg diffractionfrom a 125 micrometer thick film of a PCCA of 99 nanometer polystyrenespheres embedded in a PNIPAM gel as determined by the methods of Example5.

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the temperature dependence of the diffractedwavelength for a PCCA according to one embodiment of the presentinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to novel optical devices and methodsof making the devices. The present invention is further directed tomethods of using these devices as optical switches, optical limitersand/or optical filters.

The optical devices of the present invention generally comprise anordered crystalline colloidal array (CCA) that can be either adispersion of ionized colloidal particles in an appropriate solvent or asolid version consisting of an array embedded in a hydrogel matrix.Either the colloidal particles or the hydrogel matrix are made of amaterial that undergoes a volume phase transition in response totemperature changes. More specifically, the colloidal particles used toform a CCA according to one embodiment, are particles of any materialthat exhibits a particle volume change in response to temperaturechanges. The material used to form the matrix, according to anotherembodiment of the present invention, can be any material that forms agel that changes spatial dimension as a function of temperature.Although it will be appreciated that any materials having theabove-described characteristics can be used, preferred for both of theseembodiments is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Thus, these optical devicespreferably comprise crystalline colloidal arrays (CCA) ofpoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) colloids in a suitable solvent, orCCA of polystyrene or other particles polymerized in PNIPAM hydrogel.PNIPAM exhibits a temperature induced volume phase transition.Accordingly, the optical devices of the present invention have thefeature of being "switchable" and/or "tunable" in response totemperature changes.

Because of the use of temperature responsive materials, the opticaldevices of the present invention are dynamically tunable and/orswitchable either with regard to the size or the periodicity of thearray. This switchability feature results from the change in the volumeof these materials that accompanies a change in temperature. Forexample, PNIPAM in water below about 30° C. is hydrated and swollen, butundergoes a reversible volume phase transition from this hydrated,swollen state to a dehydrated, collapsed state when heated above itslower critical solution temperature of about 32° C. Such a temperatureincrease causes the polymer to expel water and contract into ahydrophobic polymer state. This volume phase transition is used in thevarious embodiments of the present invention to create switchable ortunable optical devices.

FIG. 1 illustrates the temperature dependence of the diameter and theturbidity of a dilute suspension of PNIPAM colloid. The sphere diameterincreases from about 100 nm at 40° C. to about 300 nm at 10° C.; thiscorresponds to an approximate 27-fold increase in volume. The turbidityof the PNIPAM suspension increases as the sphere diameter decreases athigher temperatures because the size and particle refractive index ofthe PNIPAM spheres are related.

One embodiment of the present invention is generally directed towards anoptical device comprised of a CCA formed from the self-assembly ofPNIPAM colloids. It is a feature of such an optical device that the sizeof the PNIPAM colloids in the array can be altered or switched inresponse to temperature. This size change results in a change in thecolloid particle refractive index and therefore the diffractionintensity of the device. This intensity differential allows the deviceto function as a diffraction intensity switch. The device may operate asa high speed optical switch in that it becomes opaque to radiationwithin the nanosecond to microsecond range.

Monodisperse, highly charged colloidal particles dispersed in very lowionic strength liquid media self-assemble due to electrostatic repulsionto form CCA. These ordered structures are either body-centered cubic(BCC) or face-centered cubic (FCC) arrays with lattice constants in themesoscale range (50-500 nanometers (nm)). Just as atomic crystalsdiffract x-rays meeting the Bragg condition, CCA diffract ultraviolet(UV), visible and near infrared (IR) light. CCA can be prepared asmacroscopically ordered arrays from non-close packed spheres. Sucharrays exhibit highly efficient Bragg diffraction; nearly all lightmeeting the Bragg condition is diffracted, while adjacent spectralregions not meeting the Bragg conditions will freely transmit."Non-close packed spheres" refers to an ordering wherein the spheres arespaced by some distance from each other.

The Bragg diffraction law is represented by the following formula:

    mλ=2 nd sin θ

where m is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of incidentlight, n is the suspension refractive index, d is the interplanarspacing, and θ is the angle between the incident light and the crystalplanes.

Highly charged colloidal particles of PNIPAM can be prepared bydispersion polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide with an ionicco-monomer and a crosslinking agent. A surfactant can optionally beadded to make the colloids more monodisperse, which aids in preparationof the CCA. A free-radical initiator should also be added to initiatethe polymerization. The polymerization can be run in water, preferablyultrapurified water, at a temperature of at least about 40° C.,preferably about 70° C., for a sufficient length of time to allow thereaction to go to completion, typically at least about 30 minutes,preferably about 3 to 4 hours.

A preferred ionic co-monomer for use in the polymerization is2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid; other suitable ionicco-monomers include the sodium salt of styrene sulfonate, 3-sulfopropylmethacrylate potassium salt, vinylsulfonate, and 1-sodium,1-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate. Any other ionic co-monomers can beused, absent compatibility problems. Use of an anionic co-monomer in thepolymerization process has the effect of increasing surface chargedensity on the suspended copolymer particles. The increased surfacecharge increases the electric forces that form and strengthen thecrystalline array.

Preferred crosslinking agents are N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide andmethylenebismethacrylamide. Upon polymerization, the crosslinking agentsform a crosslinked polymer network which keeps the colloidal particlesintact. A weight ratio of crosslinking agent to PNIPAM of from about 1:5to 1:200 is preferred. Generally, the more crosslinking agents used thehigher the rigidity and lower the responsivity of the colloid particles.Thus, the amount of crosslinker can be altered to create the desiredresponse in the optical device.

A preferred surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate and a preferredfree-radical initiator is potassium persulfate. Other suitable freeradical initiators for use in the present invention include benzoinmethyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, succinic acid peroxide,2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one,4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl-(2-propyl)ketone,2,2'azobis(2,4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvalero)nitrile, andazobisisobutyronitrile. Catalytic amounts of the initiator, usuallyabout 1 to 10 weight %, are effective for the purpose of the invention.Initiators are preferably employed in amounts of about 4 weight % basedupon total weight of the monomers.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, any other suitableionic co-monomers, crosslinkers, surfactants and free-radical initiatorscan be used, absent compatibility problems.

The particles should then be purified by any means known in the art.Preferably, purification is accomplished by ultracentrifugation,dialysis and/or ion exchange resin. Purification helps to ensureself-assembly of the CCA, which generally needs to take place in a verylow ionic strength medium.

Following polymerization, the particles may be stored in an ion exchangeresin, preferably in a bath of 10% by weight suspension of ion exchangeresin such as analytical grade AG501X8 mix bed resin commerciallyavailable from Bio-Rad of Richmond, Calif. The ion exchange resin shouldpreferably be cleaned prior to use through a suitable procedure such asthat taught by Vanderhoff et al. in the Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience, Vol. 28, pp. 336-337 (1968).

Dispersion polymerization of PNIPAM at temperatures of about 70° C.yields collapsed colloidal spheres in the 60 to 120 nm diameter range.These small colloidal particles exhibit the same volume response totemperature as conventional PNIPAM gels.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the PNIPAM particles 12 in water 14 arecontained within a chamber 16 sufficient in size to hold the CCA that isformed. The concentration of particles 12 in the water 14 in this stepdetermines at what wavelength the CCA will diffract light. Generally,the more water the lower the concentration of particles and the longerthe wavelength to be diffracted. The chamber 16 is preferably composedof quartz, LEXAN®, or LEXAN® coated glass. LEXAN® is a thermoplasticcarbonate-linked polymer produced by the reaction of bisphenol A andphosgene. Chamber 16 has bottom portion 18 and upstanding sidewalls 20,22, 24 and 26. Chamber 16 is sealed with airtight cover 28. Sealedchamber 16 is then held at room temperature for a period of timeadequate to allow the array to crystallize. The highly charged colloidalPNIPAM particles self-assemble to form a CCA, as shown in the figure.The chamber should not be disturbed during formation of the CCA.Preferably, the chamber is transparent, for use of the device in opticalapplications.

These CCA will form both above and below the PNIPAM phase transitiontemperature. The CCA can be formed in any suitable solvent. As usedherein, the term "suitable solvent" refers to any solvent that iscompatible with the PNIPAM, or other suitable material being used, willpromote the formation of CCA and will allow the CCA to undergo a volumephase transition in response to temperature changes. The preferredsolvent is deionized water.

A CCA of hydrated, swollen particles weakly diffract light, but CCA ofcompact particles diffract efficiently. The particle concentrationwithin the chamber when the optical switch is being used determines thewavelength that is diffracted and the temperature of the particlesdetermines whether light of the wavelength is weakly or stronglydiffracted, i.e. whether the optical switch is "off" or "on".

FIG. 3 shows the extinction spectrum of a PNIPAM CCA at both 10 and 40°C. The lattice constant of the BCC array is 342 nm and the nearestneighbor sphere distance is 242 nm. At low temperatures the particlesare highly swollen and almost touching. In this state, the diffractionefficiencies of the CCA are small. Above the transition phase, however,the particles become compact and diffract nearly all incident light atthe Bragg wavelength. Thus, the compact sphere CCA diffracts light muchmore efficiently than the swollen sphere CCA. This is due to the higherrefractive index mismatch for the compact spheres. While the temperaturechange does affect the diffraction intensity of these devices, it doesnot affect the lattice spacing. The 1 nm shift of the maximum wavelengthdiffraction upon heating from 10° to 40° C., shown in FIG. 3, resultsalmost entirely from the change in refractive index of water.

The diffraction efficiency of the CCAs depends on the scatteringcross-section of the colloidal particles as well as the array ordering.The particle size change results in a change in the sphere scatteringcross-section, which in turn significantly changes the diffractionintensity or efficiency of the array. Thus, the PNIPAM CCA functions asa thermally controlled optical switch that can be activated ordeactivated by changing the temperature to which the device is exposed.

Changing the temperature of the CCA can be accomplished by any meansknown in the art. For example, the CCA can be placed in an oven, hot orcold water, or the cell which contains the CCA can be heated or cooled.

In another embodiment, an optical limiter is prepared by attaching anabsorbing dye, preferably a photoabsorptive, non-luminescent dye, to thePNIPAM colloidal particles, before the CCA is assembled. Suitable dyesfor this purpose include but are not limited to basic fuchsin (colorindex 42500), Bismarck Brown Y (color index 21000) and Acridine Yellow G(color index 46025). The dye absorbs radiation and generates heat whichcauses the particles of the CCA to shrink. The refractive index of theparticles is highly temperature dependent and as the particles shrinkthe refractive index increases. The thermally induced change inrefractive index occurs within several microseconds and changes theoptical behavior of the device. The ordered array diffracts morestrongly as the particles shrink. In this way, the material acts as anoptical limiter and Bragg diffracts a predetermined wavelength band ofincident radiation. The wavelength diffracted is determined by thespacing and crystal structure of the array.

In another embodiment of the present invention, wavelength tunablediffraction devices are created by polymerizing a CCA of electricallycharged particles within a hydrogel matrix to create a polymerized CCA(PCCA) film. These films use the volume phase transition properties of apolymerized medium, such as PNIPAM gel, to control the periodicity ofthe CCA. The optical filters thus created have the ability toselectively diffract and thereby filter a narrow band of radiation froma broader band of incident radiation. Materials for filtering particlescan also be created.

The first step in preparing the devices of this embodiment is to preparethe charged particles. Monodisperse particle colloids can be prepared byemulsion polymerization, or by other means. For example, an emulsionpolymer can be prepared by mixing the desired monomer with acrosslinking agent, a surfactant to aid in the formation of theemulsion, a buffer to keep the pH of the solution constant and toprevent particle coagulation, and a free-radical initiator to initiatepolymerization. In a preferred embodiment, the monomer is styrene, thecrosslinking agent is divinylbenzene, the surfactant issodium-di(1,3-dimethylbutyl)sulfosuccinate, the initiator is potassiumpersulfate and an ionic comonomer is also added, preferably 1-sodium,1-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate. Other compounds can also be usedto prepare the emulsion polymer, as long as compatibility problems donot arise. The particles should be purified by use of centrifugation,dialysis and/or an ion exchange resin, if necessary, so that a CCA willform. Alternatively, electrically charged particles that can be used inaccordance with this embodiment are commercially available from DowChemical or Polysciences, Inc. Purification of the commerciallyavailable particles is also recommended.

The electrically charged particles are then dispersed in an aqueoussolution containing N-isopropylacrylamide, a crosslinking agent and UVphotoinitiator. Alternatively, any material that undergoes a volumephase transition in response to temperature changes can be used insteadof N-isopropylacrylamide, including but not limited topoly(N-tert-butylacrylamide). Any crosslinking agent discussed withregard to the first embodiment can also be used. Preferred isN,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. Preferred ratios of crosslinking agent tomonomer are about 1:5 to 1:20, more preferably about 1:8 to about 1:12and most preferably 1:9. In addition to forming the polymer network inthe CCA, the crosslinking agent as used in this step in this embodimentassists formation of the hydrogel and strengthens the resulting hydrogelfilm so that a self-supporting film results. Hydrogel films can beformed with some retention of the crystalline structure when as littleas 1 part in 100 parts by weight of the co-monomer mixture is thecrosslinking agent. In addition, a UV photoinitiator can be added; apreferred compound for this use is 2,2'-diethoxyacetophenone. A heatsensitive free radical initiator that can be activated at moderatetemperature may also be employed alone or in combination with activatinglight.

After formation, the mixture is then placed between two plates,preferably quartz plates separated by a parafilm spacer, at atemperature from between about 0° to 10° C. A non-ionic UVphotoinitiator can then be used to initiate polymerization. Any othermeans known in the art can also be used to initiate polymerization solong as the method chosen for polymerization does not destroy orotherwise disorder the CCA. Upon completion of the polymerization, theplates are removed and a stable PCCA results. This film can beapproximately about 10 micrometers thick and can be made thicker basedupon the needs of the user.

One advantage of the device according to this embodiment of the presentinvention is that the highly ordered crystalline array of colloidalparticles, after it is fixed in the hydrogel by polymerization, nolonger depends on the interactive electric forces of charged particlesto maintain the crystalline structure. Another advantage is that theoptical device can be a self supporting polymeric films or membrane,without the need for cell walls to contain the filter.

The particles used to create the CCA can be any particle selected fromthe group consisting of colloidal polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate,silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, polytetrafluoroethylene or any othersuitable materials which are generally uniform in size and surfacecharge. The particles are chosen for their properties as desired for theparticular application. The particles preferably have a diameter betweenabout 50 and 500 nanometers and may be either synthesized as discussedabove or obtained commercially.

The PCCA film functions as an easily controlled tunable optical filter.The gel dimensions shrink and expand continuously and reversibly betweenabout 10 and 35° C. and the embedded particle sphere array follows,changing the lattice spacing or distance between the particles of thearray. As the lattice spacing changes, the wavelength diffracted by thedevice also changes. More specifically, as the temperature increases,the lattice spacing decreases and the diffracted wavelength decreases.The diffracted wavelength can therefore be altered by varying thetemperature, and is thermally tunable from the far red to the near UVportion of the spectrum. The diffracted wavelength can also be alteredby varying the angle at which the light hits the device. At a fixedangle to the incident beam the PCCA acts as a tunable wavelengthreflector.

Heating of the PCCA can be effected by any of the means known in theart, such as those discussed above.

The width and height of the diffraction peak can be easily controlled bychoosing colloidal particles of different size and refractive index orby making different thickness PCCA films. Generally, larger particleswill diffract more strongly and at a wider wavelength band; smallerparticles have a weaker diffraction but diffract over a narrower band ofwavelengths. Generally, a thicker PCCA will diffract more than a thinnerPCCA, because each "layer" of the PCCA will diffract a certain amount oflight thereby exhibiting a cumulative effect with multiple layers. Thetuning range of the device can be widened or narrowed by synthesizingPCCA films with higher or lower concentrations of crosslinking agents,respectively. The amount of crosslinking agent largely determines therigidity of the CCA. The more crosslinker added, the stiffer the CCA andthe smaller the radiation band over which the device can be tuned.

FIG. 4 shows that the diffracted wavelength for the prepared PCCA filmcan be tuned between about 400 and 700 nanometers by varying thetemperature. One skilled in the art will appreciate that this nanometerrange can be made even broader. FIG. 5 shows the temperature dependenceof the diffracted wavelength for the PCCA film where the incident lightis normal to the (110) plane of the BCC lattice. In addition to thechange in the diffracted wavelength, the diffraction peak intensityincreases as the volume decreases. This is because the diffractionintensity is proportional to the density of scatterers per layer, whichincreases as the material shrinks.

A volume phase transition can also be effected by changing the solventin which the PCCA is contained. Many polymers undergo some reversibleconformational change with changes in the solvent to which they areexposed. Thus, a PCCA in water may have one volume, and therefore onediffraction wavelength region, and have a different volume and thereforea different diffraction wavelength region when taken out of water andplaced in an organic solvent. Examples of organic solvents which mightinduce volume changes include glycerol, ethylene glycol, methanol,ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, phenylmethylsulfoxide, dioxane,dimethylformamide, polyethyleneglycol, and acetonitrile and mixtures ofthese and other solvents.

The optical devices of the present invention, wherein a CCA is formedfrom, for example, PNIPAM colloids in water, and is contained withincell means, can also be used in thin, two dimensional reflective and/ortransmittive display devices. As stated above, the CCA diffracts lightwith a temperature tunable efficiency controlled by the temperaturetunable sphere diameter. A local temperature increase within the CCAwill cause the PNIPAM CCA spheres in the heated area to shrink andtherefore diffract more efficiently than the non-heated area. Thus animage is created in the CCA that reflects the light of the color definedby the CCA diffraction wavelength region and with an intensitydetermined by the temperature. This application is particularlyadvantageous in that the present devices can be used for displayapplications in bright environments, such as sunlight. In addition,stacking films that reflect light of different colors, such as bystacking red, green and blue films, a thin-film color display device canbe created.

For example, a display device comprising three stacked layers can becreated in which each layer comprises a crystalline colloidal array ofcharged particles containing a light absorbing dye in an aqueous mediumcontained with cell means. Each layer has a different light absorbingdye, so that each dye absorbs a different, predetermined wavelength oflight. In a preferred embodiment, one layer has a dye that absorbsgreen, one that absorbs red and one that absorbs blue. Three lightsources, each having different wavelengths and corresponding with one ofsaid light absorbing dyes, are used. The intensity of the light sourcesdetermines the amount of heat applied to each of said layers. Thus,excitation of the stacked layers by the three lights controls theintensity of the colors in each layer. Differential heating results inthe appropriate combination of red, green and blue to produce thedesired color.

Any means known in the art for effecting localized heating and forassembling such display devices can be employed. For example, the CCAmay be self assembled between two quartz plates. Each of these quartzplates is equipped with narrow transparent metal strips, such as indiumtin oxide strips, which are on the inside surface of the plate and thusin contact with the CCA. The two plates are further oriented such thatthe two sets of strips are perpendicular to each other. A localizedvoltage difference across the plates will cause current flow andlocalized heating of the region between the strips; the lightdiffraction will increase in the area that is heated and a colorobserved.

Another method of creating display devices is to use thin wires in acrisscrossed pattern on the surface of only one of the plates. A currentflowing across a pair of crisscrossed wires will increase thetemperature in the area where the wires cross.

Localized heating to effect the desired thermally induced colorintensity change could also be effected through the use of electricalresistance materials of suitable resistivity.

In addition, such display devices can be created by use of electroniccircuitry on glass or quartz plates. The circuitry would be designed insuch a way that the current flowing through the circuitry adjacent to apixel area heats that area desired size. Thus, the user can control thelimiting pore size to decide what size particles the filter can remove,and the pore size may be easily monitored by examining the wavelength ofdiffracted light and applying Bragg's law.

The pore size of these filtration membranes should be adjusted to beless than or equal to the particles to be filtered. The material to befiltered impinges upon the gel membrane filter and the membrane filterresists passage of the macromolecules or particles through the membraneinterstices. These filters can then be used to filter submicron, orlarger, particles. Alternatively, these PCCA can be polymerized onto athick fiber-reinforced PNIPAM hydrogel having similar temperatureinduced volume changes. The resulting filter would have interstitialpore sizes that are continuously variable by setting the latticeparameter, and by changing the temperature of the filtering solutionbetween about 10 and 40° C. This would allow for temperature selectionof the exact pore size desired. As will be appreciated by one skilled inthe art, the hydrogel can be made from any monomers, including but notlimited to acrylamide monomers, that undergo a volume change in responseto temperature and/or solvent changes.

The PCCA of the present invention has further application as atemperature sensor that monitors temperature. For example, the PCCAcould be applied to a surface; as the temperature changes, the color ofthe PCCA would change, with an increase in temperature shifting thediffracted wavelength towards the blue region.

In yet another embodiment, the devices of the present invention can beused as pressure sensors. As the pressure on these devices changes, thelattice spacing of the particles in the array would also change. Thus,pressure changes would be detected by changes in the color diffracted bythe array. Because of the responsivity of the devices of the presentinvention to temperature, temperature should be kept constant whilemeasuring pressure changes. Alternatively, materials that do not exhibita volume phase transition in response to temperature can be used.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention andshould not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. therebycontrolling the intensity of the color of the pixel. Other electronicmeans known to those skilled in the art could be used as well.

In yet another method of creating a display device, a scanning laser orlight beam is used to write a temperature pattern in the CCA. Anabsorbing dye, transparent in the visible spectral region, isincorporated in the CCA. Illuminating said dye heats the CCA throughlight absorption. The CCA would diffract light more efficiently in theheated regions.

A thin, two-dimensional reflective display device can also be made byusing the PCCA discussed above. Because the PCCA diffracts differentcolors at different temperatures, such a device can be used in creatinga multi-colored display. This effect is achieved by heating differentportions of the PCCA to different temperatures. Heating can be effectedby the means described above, such as by the use of metal strips thatconduct a current, electrical resistance materials, electronic circuitryor light absorbing dyes that generate heat upon exposure to light.

These display devices have numerous applications in computer technology,including but not limited to various processing elements and displaydevices.

The PCCA of the present invention can also be used as a tunablefiltration membrane. The PCCA material has two different types of poreswithin it, the first resulting from the hydrogel network and the secondresulting from the interstitial spaces of the crystalline lattice. Thegel pore size is related to the synthetic parameters of hydrogelformation, such as monomer and crosslinker concentrations, temperature,and solubility of the monomers and polymer chains. The gel can besynthesized so that this pore size may range from as small as 1 nm to aslarge as 1 micrometer. The interstitial pore size is a function of thelattice spacing and of the diameter of the particles in the CCA. Thispore size may be controlled from about 5 nm to about 500 nm. The PCCAcan be made such that the hydrogel pores are larger than theinterstitial pores, so the interstitial pores will be the limitingfactor controlling the passage of large molecules, such as DNA, or othersmall particles through the material. The size of the interstices in aPNIPAM PCCA can be selected by controlling the temperature and swellingor shrinking the gel, or by placing the PCCA in a solvent that willswell or shrink the gel to the

Example 1

Dispersion polymerization was performed to form charged particles ofN-isopropylacrylamide for use in forming CCA. Polymerization waseffected by using about 3.47 g of N-isopropylacrylamide, 0.03 g of2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, 0.105 g ofN,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, 0.080 g of sodium dodecylsulfate and 0.014g of potassium persulfate. These ingredients were mixed in about 250 mlof ultrapurified water at about 70° C. for approximately 4 hours. Aftersynthesis, the latex was purified by exhaustive ultracentrifugation andsubsequent mixing with a mixed bed ion exchange resin.

Example 2

The temperature dependence of the diameter and turbidity of a suspensionof PNIPAM colloid particles prepared according to the methods of Example1 were determined. The diameter of the sphere was determined using acommercial quasi-elastic light scattering apparatus, specifically aMalvern Zetasizer 4. Turbidity measurements were performed in a 1.0 cmpath length quartz cell using a UV-visible-near IR spectrophotometer.Solids content of the sample in the turbidity experiment was 0.071%,which corresponds to a particle concentration of 2.49×10¹² spheres permilliliter. FIG. 1 graphically demonstrates the changes in diameter andturbidity as temperature changes. As can be seen from the graph, thediameter decreased as temperature increased, while turbidity increasedas temperature increased. The example demonstrates that the diameter ofthe particles changes with temperature, and that light scattering fromthe particles increased with temperature.

Example 3

The diffraction of a CCA of PNIPAM at 10° C. and at 40° C. wasdetermined. Spectra were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer λ-9UV-visible-near IR spectrophotometer. The suspension was contained in a1.0 mm quartz cuvette oriented at normal incidence to the incident beam.Switching behavior was reversible; the spectra were recorded after theseventh consecutive heat-cool cycle. The inset depicts the temperatureswitching between the array of swollen spheres below the phasetransition temperature and the identical array of compact spheres abovethe transition. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the intensity of diffractionfrom the CCA at 40° C. is considerably greater than that of the array at10° C. At lower temperatures, weak diffraction was seen but at highertemperatures strong diffraction was seen. Thus, the device can beswitched from one intensity of diffraction to another by changing thetemperature.

Example 4

A PCCA was synthesized by photopolymerization. About 0.23 g ofmonodisperse polystyrene colloids (diameter 99 nanometers, 19% solids),0.35 g N-isopropylacrylamide, 0.02 g of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide and0.004 g of diethoxyacetophenone as a UV photoinitiator were used. Themixture was then shaken with an ion exchange resin. The mixture was thenplaced between two quartz plates separated by a parafilm spacer at about2.0° C. Photopolymerization was initiated with UV light untilpolymerization of the hydrogel was complete. The quartz plates wereremoved. It was further determined that the polymerized film diffractedin a manner similar to the monomeric precursor. This was determined bycomparing the diffraction of the PCCA at 2.0° C. with the diffraction ofthe monomeric precursor.

Example 5

The temperature tuning abilities of a PCCA, prepared according toExample 4, were tested. The PCCA was 125 mm thick and containedpolystyrene spheres with diameters of 99 nanometers embedded in a PNIPAMgel. FIG. 4 confirms that the diffraction wavelength shift which resultsfrom the temperature-induced volume change of the gel alters the latticespacing, and hence the wavelength that is diffracted. Spectra wererecorded in a UV-visible-near IR spectrophotometer with the sampleplaced normal to the incident light beam.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, the present inventionprovides optical devices which can function as either optical switchingdevices or optical filtering devices. These devices are unique, in thatthey utilize the volume phase transition of PNIPAM which results fromchanges in temperature to control optical properties.

Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been describedabove for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilledin the art that numerous variations of the details of the presentinvention may be made without departing from the invention as defined inthe appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A thermally activatable radiation filteringdevice comprising:a crystalline colloidal ordered array of chargedparticles in an aqueous medium; cell means for containing saidcrystalline colloidal array and medium; and wherein said chargedparticles undergo a volume phase transition, while remaining in saidordered array, in response to temperature changes.
 2. The device ofclaim 1, wherein said particles are poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)particles.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said aqueous medium iswater.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein said cell means are made of amaterial selected from the group consisting of quartz, a thermoplasticcarbonate linked polymer, and glass coated with a thermoplasticcarbonate linked polymer.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein aphotoabsorptive dye is attached to said particles.
 6. The device ofclaim 1, wherein said device is an optical switch.
 7. The device ofclaim 1, wherein said device is an optical limiter.
 8. A thermallytunable radiation filtering device comprising a crystalline colloidalarray of charged particles polymerized in a hydrogel;wherein saidhydrogel undergoes a volume phase transition in response to temperature;and wherein said particles remain in said ordered array during saidvolume phase transition.
 9. The device of claim 8, wherein saidparticles are selected from the group consisting of colloidalpolystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide andpolytetrafluoroethylene.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein saidhydrogel is a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel.
 11. A thin,two-dimensional display device comprising:a crystalline colloidalordered array of charged particles in an aqueous medium; cell means forcontaining said crystalline colloidal ordered array and medium; meansfor heating said crystalline colloidal ordered array; and wherein saidcharged particles undergo a volume phase transition, while remaining insaid ordered array, in response to temperature change.
 12. The device ofclaim 11, wherein said heating means is selected from the groupconsisting of metal strips, a light source used with light absorbingdyes, electrical resistance materials and electronic circuitry.
 13. Thedevice of claim 12, wherein said metal strips are indium tin oxidestrips that conduct current.
 14. The device of claim 11, furthercharacterized as being useful as a processing element in an opticalcomputer.
 15. The device of claim 11, further characterized as beinguseful as a display device in a computer.
 16. The display device ofclaim 11 wherein said display is a monochrome display.
 17. The displaydevice of claim 11, wherein said display is a color display.
 18. Adisplay device comprising:a) three stacked layers each of said layerscomprising crystalline colloidal ordered array of charged particles inan aqueous medium, wherein said charged particles undergo a volume phasetransition while remaining in said ordered array cell means forcontaining said crystalline colloidal ordered array and medium, and alight absorbing dye that absorbs a predetermined wavelength of light,wherein each of said layers has a different light absorbing dye thaneach of said other layers; and b) three light sources, wherein each ofsaid light sources is of a different wavelength than each of said otherlights, and wherein each of said lights corresponds with one of saiddyes such that each light is selectively absorbed by one of said dyes.19. The display device of claim 18, wherein one of said dyes absorbsblue, one of said dyes absorbs green and one of said dyes absorbs red.20. The display device of claim 19, wherein said light sources arelasers.
 21. A thin, two-dimensional display device comprising:acrystalline colloidal ordered array of charged particles polymerized ina hydrogel; means for heating said hydrogel; wherein said hydrogelundergoes a volume phase transition in response to temperature; whereinsaid particles remain in said ordered array during said volume phasetransition.
 22. The device of claim 21, wherein said heating means isselected from the group consisting of metal strips, a light source usedwith light absorbing dye, electrical resistance materials and electroniccircuitry.
 23. The device of claim 22, wherein said metal strips areindium tin oxide strips that conduct current.
 24. The device of claim21, further characterized as being useful as a processing element in anoptical computer.
 25. The device of claim 21, further characterized asbeing useful as a display device in a computer.
 26. The display deviceof claim 21 wherein said display is a monochrome display.
 27. Thedisplay device of claim 21, wherein said display is a color display. 28.A display device comprising:a) three stacked layers each of said layerscomprising a crystalline colloidal ordered array of charged particlespolymerized in a hydrogel that undergoes a volume phase transition inresponse to temperature, wherein said particles remain in said orderedarray during said volume phase transition, wherein each of said layersfurther includes a light absorbing dye that absorbs a predeterminedwavelength of light, wherein each of said layers has a different lightabsorbing dye than each of said other layers; and b) three lightsources, wherein each of said light sources is of a different wavelengththan each of said other lights, and wherein each of said lightscorresponds with one of said dyes such that each light is selectivelyabsorbed by one of said dyes.
 29. The display device of claim 28,wherein one of said dyes absorbs blue, one of said dyes absorbs greenand one of said dyes absorbs red.
 30. The display device of claim 29,wherein said light sources are lasers.
 31. A filtering device comprisinga membrane filter comprising a crystalline colloidal ordered array ofcharged particles polymerized in a hydrogel that undergoes a volumephase transition in response to temperature and wherein said filter hasgel pores and interstitial pores and at least one of these pore sizeschanges in response to temperature, wherein said particles remain insaid ordered array during said volume phase transition.
 32. The deviceof claim 21, wherein said particles are selected from the groupconsisting of colloidal polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, silicondioxide, aluminum oxide and polytetrafluoroethylene.
 33. The device ofclaim 32, wherein said hydrogel is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).
 34. Aturnable filtering device comprising a crystalline colloidal orderedarray of charged particles polymerized in a hydrogel, wherein saidhydrogel undergoes a volume phase transition when moved from a firstsolvent in which the hydrogel is in a swollen state to a second solventin which the hydrogel is in a more compact state and wherein saidparticles remain in said ordered array during said volume phasetransition.
 35. The device of claim 34, wherein said particles areselected from the group consisting of colloidal polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide andpolytetrafluoroethylene.
 36. The device of claim 35, wherein said firstsolvent is water and said second solvent is acetonitrile.
 37. The deviceof claim 35, wherein said first and second solvents are independentlyselected from the group consisting of a solvent and a mixture ofsolvents.
 38. The display device of claim 28, wherein said hydrogel ispoly(N-isopropylacrylamide).